Bentley Motors Limited (/ˈbɛntli/) is usually a British company that designs, develops, and manufactures luxury motorcars which can be largely hand-built. It is a subsidiary of Volkswagen AG. Now based in Crewe, England, Bentley Motors Limited has been founded by W. O. Bentley on 18 Jan 1919 in Cricklewood, North London.Bentley cars are offered via franchised dealers globally, and as of November 2012, China was the largest market.Most Bentley cars are assembled on the Crewe factory, but a small volume of Continental Flying Spurs are assembled in the factory in Dresden, Germany. Bodies for the Continental are stated in Zwickau, Germany.Bentley won the twenty four hours of Le Mans with 1924, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, and 2003.
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Iconic Bentley models include the Bentley 4½ Litre, Bentley Speed Six, Bentley R Type Ls, Bentley Turbo R, and Bentley Arnage. As of 2015, Bentley produce the Ls Flying Spur, Continental GT, Bentley Bentayga and the particular Mulsanne.Rolls-Royce bought Bentley from your receivers in 1931 as well as subsequently sold it to help Vickers plc in 1980 as soon as Rolls-Royce themselves went insolvent. In 1998, Vickers sold it to help Volkswagen AG. The sale included the car designs, model nameplates, production and administrative amenities, the Spirit of Joyfulness and Rolls-Royce grille condition trademarks, but not the rights on the Rolls-Royce name or logo which can be owned by Rolls-Royce Holdings plc and also were licensed to BMW AG.Before World War When i, Walter Owen Bentley, and his brother, Horace Millner Bentley, sold French DFP cars in Cricklewood, North London, but W. O, as Walter was acknowledged, always wanted to design and build his or her own cars. At the DFP factory, in 1913, he noticed an lightweight aluminum paperweight and thought that aluminum could be a suitable replacement regarding cast iron to fabricate lighter in weight pistons. The first Bentley aluminum pistons were fitted to Sopwith Camel aero search engines during World War My partner and i.In August 1919, W. O. registered Bentley Motors Ltd. and in October he exhibited a car chassis, with dummy engine, at the London Generator Show. Ex-Royal Flying Corps officer, Clive Gallop, designed an innovative 4 valves per cylinder engine for the chassis. By December the serps was built and jogging. Delivery of the primary cars was scheduled regarding June 1920, but development took longer than estimated therefore the date was extended for you to September 1921. The durability of the initial Bentley cars earned widespread acclaim and they also competed in hill climbs along with raced at Brooklands.Bentley's first major function was the 1922 Indianapolis 500, a race, dominated by specialized autos with Duesenberg racing chassis. They entered a revised road car driven by means of works driver, Douglas Hawkes, accompanied by riding mechanic, H. S. "Bertie" Browning. Hawkes completed the full 500 miles and finished 13th with the average speed of 74. 95 mph after starting up in 19th position. The team was then rushed here we are at England to compete in the 1922 RAC Tourist Trophy.Chief Woolf BarnatoIn ironic reference to help his heavyweight boxer's stature, Captain Woolf Barnato had been nicknamed "Babe". In 1925, he acquired his 1st Bentley, a 3-litre. With this car he won numerous Brooklands races. Just a year in the future he acquired the Bentley small business itself.The Bentley enterprise was always underfunded, but inspired by the actual 1924 Le Mans get by John Duff and also Frank Clement, Barnato agreed to financing Bentley's business. Barnato had incorporated Baromans Ltd with 1922, which existed as their finance and investment automobile. Via Baromans, Barnato initially invested much more than £100, 000, saving the business and its workforce. A financial reorganisation with the original Bentley company was performed and all existing creditors paid back for £75, 000. Existing shares were devalued from £1 each to merely 1 shilling, or 5% or their particular original value. Barnato held 149, 500 of the brand-new shares giving him control in the company and he grew to be chairman. Barnato injected further cash to the business: £35, 000 secured by debenture within July 1927; £40, 000 in 1928; £25, 000 in 1929. With renewed financial suggestions, W. O. Bentley was able to development another generation of cars and trucks.
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Your Bentley Boys were a group of British motoring enthusiasts in which included Woolf Barnato, Sir Henry "Tim" Birkin, steeple chaser George Duller, aviator Glen Kidston, automotive journalist S. C. H. "Sammy" Davis, and Dr Dudley Benjafield. The Bentley Boys, favored Bentley cars. Many were independently wealthy and often had a military backdrop. They kept the marque's reputation for powerful alive; Bentley was noted because of its four consecutive victories in the 24 Hours of The Mans from 1927 in order to 1930.In 1929, Tim Birkin developed the actual 4½ litre, lightweight Blower Bentley from Welwyn Garden City along with produced five racing packages, starting with Bentley Motorized inflator No. 1 which was optimised to the Brooklands racing circuit. Birkin overruled W. O. and put the model in the marketplace before it was fully developed. As a result, it was unreliable.
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In March 1930, during the Blue Educate Races, Woolf Barnato raised the stakes on Rover and its Rover Light Six, having raced and survived Le Train Bleu for once, to better that record with his 6½-litre Bentley Speed Six with a bet of £100. He drove against the actual train from Cannes to help Calais, then by ferry to help Dover, and finally London, travelling on public streets, and won.
2012 Bentley Continental Gtc Rear Three Quarters Photo 1
Barnato had his H. J. Mulliner-bodied formal saloon from the race against the Violet Train. Two months later, on 21 May 1930, he took delivery of the Speed Six with structured fastback "Sportsman Coupé" simply by Gurney Nutting. Both cars became known as the "Blue Train Bentleys"; the latter is regularly mistaken for, or erroneously referred to to be, the car that competed the Blue Train, while in fact Barnato branded it in memory associated with his race. [19][20] A painting by means of Terence Cuneo depicts the Gurney Nutting coupé auto racing along a road parallel for the Blue Train, which scenario never occurred because the road and railway failed to follow the same path.
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Benetton Formula Ltd., commonly referred to just as Benetton, was a Formula Just one constructor that participated from 1986 to 2001. The team was owned from the Benetton family who run an international chain of clothing stores in the same name. In 2000 the workforce was purchased by Renault, but competed as Benetton for the 2000 and 2001 conditions. In 2002 the staff became Renault F1.The Benetton Group entered Formula One like a sponsor company for Tyrrell inside 1983, then Alfa Romeo throughout 1984 and 1985 and then Toleman in 1985. Benetton Formula Ltd. was formed at the final of 1985 when your Toleman team was sold for the Benetton family. The team began with BMW engines after which it later switched to Ford then Renault and then Playlife.
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The particular team was managed simply by Flavio Briatore from 1990 till 1997. In about 1991, TWR acquired a one-third stake from the team, bringing in Tom Walkinshaw and Ross Brawn to perform the engineering operations. Rocco Benetton, the youngest son regarding Luciano Benetton joined the team as Leader in 1998 and dismissed from your job Briatore. He replaced him with Prodrive boss David Richards, who lasted only for the year when he also was fired, due to a disagreement using the Benetton family about upcoming strategy. Following Richards' departure, Rocco Benetton managed the team for 36 months until its sale to Renault.The Benetton team is most beneficial known for its achievements with Michael Schumacher, who accounts for 19 in the team's 27 career victories and their 2 drivers' championships. After switching to Renault engines, they also won your constructor's championship in 1995 with Schumacher and Johnny Herbert. After 1995, Schumacher moved to Ferrari in conjunction with Ross Brawn, Rory Byrne and 11 some other key figures from his or her two championship winning conditions with Benetton.
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About March 16, 2000, the team was marketed to Renault for $120 thousand US. As part of their own restructuring, Renault brought back Flavio Briatore since team manager. The team still utilized the Playlife engines (even though descended from Renault motors) that they been using for the last two years. The drivers were Giancarlo Fisichella and also Alexander Wurz. The team scored 20 points, as well as 3 podium finishes in 2000 at Brazilian, Monaco and Canada.During their final time in 2001 the individuals, Jenson Button and Giancarlo Fisichella, were often on the trunk two rows of your grid. This was in part caused by the new 111-degree vast angle engine. But continued development authorized Benetton to leave Method 1 on something of an high, and the cars' performance lifted. Button and Fisichella scored 10 points for the team, including a podium finish for Fisichella in Belgium.
Verstappen on fire in Germany On this day ESPN.co.uk
Through the 1994 season, some rival teams said Benetton had found a way to violate the FIA-imposed exclude on electronic aids, including traction control and launch control. On investigation, the FIA discovered "start sequence" (launch control) software in the Benetton B194 cars, and a variety of illegal software in rival teams' cars likewise. FIA had no evidence the application was ever used, so teams found using the software received little to be able to no punishment. No traction control software was found to stay the Benetton cars, however. Flavio Briatore, Benetton's chief in 1994, said in 2001 in which "Our only mistake was that right at that moment we were too young and people were suspicious".
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Throughout the 1994 season Benetton taken out a fuel filter through the refueling rig used in the course of pit stops. This may have generated a fire that took place during Jos Verstappen's initial pitstop at Hockenheim. This resulted in further inquiries through the FIA, during which, the refuelling rig manufacturer explained that in their opinion the modification could have resulted in 10% higher flow rates compared to the rules allowed[citation needed]. Again the team went without substantial punishment.
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Benetton Formulation Ltd., commonly referred to merely as Benetton, was a Formula 1 constructor that participated through 1986 to 2001. The team was owned by the Benetton family who run an internationally chain of clothing stores of the same name. In 2000 the workforce was purchased by Renault, but competed as Benetton for your 2000 and 2001 periods. In 2002 the staff became Renault F1.The Benetton Group entered Formula One to be a sponsor company for Tyrrell with 1983, then Alfa Romeo with 1984 and 1985 and finally Toleman in 1985. Benetton Formula Ltd. was formed at the end of 1985 when your Toleman team was sold on the Benetton family. The team began with BMW engines and then later switched to Ford then Renault and finally Playlife.
The Benetton pit crew try to escape the flames. ATP Muenchen
This team was managed by Flavio Briatore from 1990 till 1997. In about 1991, TWR acquired a one-third stake inside team, bringing in Tom Walkinshaw and Ross Brawn running the engineering operations. Rocco Benetton, the youngest son involving Luciano Benetton joined the team as Chief executive in 1998 and fired Briatore. He replaced him along with Prodrive boss David Richards, who lasted only for any year when he also was fired, due to a disagreement with the Benetton family about potential strategy. Following Richards' departure, Rocco Benetton managed the team for 36 months until its sale in order to Renault.The Benetton team is the most suitable known for its achievement with Michael Schumacher, who accounts for 19 from the team's 27 career advantages and their 2 drivers' competition. After switching to Renault motors, they also won the particular constructor's championship in 1995 with Schumacher and Johnny Herbert. After 1995, Schumacher moved to Ferrari along with Ross Brawn, Rory Byrne and 11 other key figures from the two championship winning seasons with Benetton.
Jos Verstappen39;s Benetton catches fire at the 1994 German Grand Prix
Upon March 16, 2000, the team was available to Renault for $120 zillion US. As part of their particular restructuring, Renault brought back Flavio Briatore seeing that team manager. The team still utilized the Playlife engines (while descended from Renault motors) they had been using the past two years. The drivers were Giancarlo Fisichella along with Alexander Wurz. The team scored 20 points, as well as 3 podium completes in 2000 at Brazil, Monaco and Canada.During their final time in 2001 the motorists, Jenson Button and Giancarlo Fisichella, were often on a corner two rows of the grid. This was in part related to the new 111-degree vast angle engine. But continued development granted Benetton to leave Solution 1 on something of a high, and the cars' effectiveness lifted. Button and Fisichella scored 10 points for that team, including a podium complete for Fisichella in Belgium.
The fuel ignites and engulfs Verstappen and the crew. ATP Muenchen
During the 1994 season, some rival teams claimed Benetton had found a means to violate the FIA-imposed exclude on electronic aids, including traction control along with launch control. On investigation, the FIA discovered "start sequence" (release control) software within the Benetton B194 cars, and a variety regarding illegal software in rival teams' cars also. FIA had no evidence the software was ever used, so teams found with all the software received little in order to no punishment. No traction control software was found to be in the Benetton cars, however. Flavio Briatore, Benetton's chief in 1994, said in 2001 that will "Our only mistake was that during the time we were too young and individuals were suspicious".
Formula 1: Should Refueling Make a Comeback? Gas 2
Throughout the 1994 season Benetton eliminated a fuel filter through the refueling rig used through pit stops. This may have ended in a fire that took place during Jos Verstappen's 1st pitstop at Hockenheim. This resulted in further inquiries from the FIA, during which, the refuelling rig manufacturer clarified that in their opinion the modification would have resulted in 10% higher flow rates compared to rules allowed[citation needed]. Again the team journeyed without substantial punishment.
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Audi A is usually a German automobile manufacturer of which designs, engineers, produces, markets and distributes high-class vehicles. Audi oversees worldwide businesses from its headquarters throughout Ingolstadt, Bavaria, Germany. Audi-branded vehicles are stated in nine production facilities worldwide.The origins of the organization are complex, going back to the first 20th century and the original enterprises founded by industrial engineer August Horch; and two other makers, leading to the groundwork of Auto Union with 1932. The modern era involving Audi essentially began in the 1960s when Auto Partnership was acquired by Volkswagen coming from Daimler-Benz. After relaunching the Audi brand while using 1965 introduction of this Audi F103 series, Volkswagen merged Auto Union with NSU Motorenwerke in 1969, thus creating the modern form of the organization.The company name is dependant on the Latin translation in the surname of the founder, August Horch. "Horch", meaning "listen" in German, becomes "audi" in Latina. The four rings with the Audi logo each represent considered one of four car companies that banded together to make Audi's predecessor company, Auto Union. Audi's slogan is Vorsprung durch Technik, meaning "Advancement through Technology". However, since 2007 Audi US has used the commercial "Truth in Engineering". Audi is among the particular best-selling luxury automobiles on earth.
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In 14 November 1899, August Horch (1868-1951) established the organization A. Horch & Cie. in the Ehrenfeld area of Cologne. Three years later within 1902 he moved in reference to his company to Reichenbach i will be Vogtland. On May, 10th, 1904 he founded your August Horch & Cie. Motorwagenwerke AG, a joint-stock company in Zwickau (State regarding Saxony).After troubles with Horch key financial officer, August Horch left Motorwagenwerke along with founded in Zwickau about 16 July 1909, his second company, the August Horch Automobilwerke GmbH. His former partners sued your ex for trademark infringement. The German Reichsgericht (Substantial Court) in Leipzig, eventually determined that your Horch brand belonged to his former company.Audi Type ESince August Horch was banned from using "Horch" as a trade name in his new car business, he called a ending up in close business friends, Paul and Franz Fikentscher from Zwickau, Germany. At the apartment regarding Franz Fikentscher, they discussed how to come up with a new name for the company. During this meeting, Franz's son was quietly studying Latin in a very corner of the place. Several times he looks like he was on this verge of saying something but would just take his words and continue working, until he finally blurted out there, "Father - audiatur et altera pars... wouldn't it be smart to call it audi as opposed to horch? " "Horch! " in German means "Hark! " or "hear", which is "Audi" inside the singular imperative form regarding "audire" - "to listen" - within Latin. The idea was swiftly accepted by everyone participating the meeting. On 25 April 1910 this Audi Automobilwerke GmbH Zwickau (through 1915 on Audiwerke AG Zwickau) was entered inside the company's register of Zwickau signing up court.The first Audi auto, the Audi Type A 10/22 hp (of sixteen kW) Sport-Phaeton, was produced in a similar year, followed by the heir Type B 10/28PS inside the same year.Audi started with any 2, 612 cc inline-four motor model Type A, followed by a 3, 564 cc model, as well as 5, 680 cc and 5, 720 cc models. These cars were successful even in sporting events. The first six-cylinder model Type M, 4, 655 cc appeared with 1924.
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September Horch left the Audiwerke in 1920 for the high position at this ministry of transport, but he was still a part of Audi as a person in the board of trustees. In September 1921, Audi became the primary German car manufacturer to present a production car, the Audi Type Ok, with left-handed drive. Left-hand drive spread and established dominance over the 1920s because it provided a better view of oncoming traffic, making overtaking safer.The merger of the four companies within the logo of four jewelryIn August 1928, Jørgen Rasmussen, the owner of Dampf-Kraft-Wagen (DKW), acquired the majority of shares in Audiwerke AG. In the same yr, Rasmussen bought the remains in the U. S. automobile manufacturer Rickenbacker, including the manufacturing products for eight-cylinder engines. These engines were utilized in Audi Zwickau and Audi Dresden models which were launched in 1929. At the same moment, six-cylinder and four-cylinder (the "four" with a Peugeot engine) designs were manufactured. Audi cars of of which era were luxurious cars equipped with special bodywork.In 1932, Audi merged with Horch, DKW, and Wanderer, to form Auto Partnership AG, Chemnitz. It was during this era that the company presented the Audi Front that became the very first European car to blend a six-cylinder engine together with front-wheel drive. It used a powertrain shared with the Wanderer, but turned 180-degrees, so that the drive shaft faced the top.Before World War II, Auto Union used the four interlinked rings comprise the Audi badge nowadays, representing these four brands. This badge was used, however, only on Auto Union racing cars in this period while the member companies used their own names and emblems. The technological development became a growing number of concentrated and some Audi models were propelled by Horch or maybe Wanderer built engines.
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Sending the economic pressures of times, Auto Union concentrated more and more on smaller cars with the 1930s, so that by 1938 you’re able to send DKW brand accounted for 17. 9% of the In german car market, while Audi held simply 0. 1%. After the final several Audis were delivered within 1939 the "Audi" name disappeared completely in the new car market for greater than two decades.Post-World War IIIFA F9Like most German creation, at the onset associated with World War II the particular Auto Union plants have been retooled for military output, and were a targeted for allied bombing throughout the war which left these damaged.Overrun by the Soviet Army in 1945, on the orders of the Soviet Union military government the factories were dismantled in war reparations. Following this, the company's entire possessions were expropriated without compensation. On 17 August 1948, Auto Union AG connected with Chemnitz was deleted from the commercial register. These actions had the issue of liquidating Germany's Auto Union AG. The remains of the actual Audi plant of Zwickau started to be the VEB Automobilwerk Zwickau or perhaps AWZ (in The english language: Automobile Works Zwickau).
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With no prospect of continuing production in Soviet controlled Eastern side Germany, Auto Union executives began the task of relocating what was left of the company to West Malaysia. A site was picked out in Ingolstadt, Bavaria to start a spare parts operation in tardy 1945, which would eventually serve since the headquarters of the reformed Motor vehicle Union in 1949.The former Audi factory in Zwickau restarted assembly of the pre-war-models in 1949. These DKW models were definitely renamed to IFA F8 plus IFA F9 and were just like West German versions. West and East German models were with the traditional and well known DKW two-stroke engines. The Zwickau plant fabricated the infamous Trabant unless 1991, when it came in Volkswagen control-effectively bringing it under the same umbrella as Audi since 1945.
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