Aston Martin Lagonda Limited is often a British manufacturer of extravagance sports cars and grand tourers. It was founded within 1913 by Lionel Martin in addition to Robert Bamford.The firm became linked to luxury grand touring cars within the 1950s and 1960s, and with the fictional character James Bond following his using a DB5 model inside the 1964 film Goldfinger.The company has had a chequered financial history, including bankruptcy in the particular 1970s, but has also enjoyed very long periods of success and stableness, including under the title of David Brown, from 1947 to 1972 and from the Ford Motor Company coming from 1994 to 2007.In March 2007, a consortium of buyers, led by David Richards, purchased 92% of Aston Martin pertaining to £479 million, with Ford retaining the £40 million stake. David Richards became chairman associated with Aston Martin. In December 2012, the Italian private fairness fund Investindustrialsigned a deal to obtain 37. 5% of Aston Martin, investing £150 million as being a capital increase.
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FoundingAston Martin was founded in 1913 by Lionel Martin and also Robert Bamford. The two had became a member of forces as Bamford & Martin the prior year to sell cars produced by Singer from premises with Callow Street, London where they likewise serviced GWK and Calthorpe autos. Martin raced specials at Aston Hill near Aston Clinton, and the pair chose to make their own vehicles. The first car for being named Aston Martin was made by Martin by appropriate a four-cylinder Coventry-Simplex engine towards chassis of a 1908 Isotta-Fraschini.They acquired premises on Henniker Mews in Kensington along with produced their first car or truck in March 1915. Production could not start as a result of outbreak of World Battle I, and Martin joined the Admiralty and Bamford the actual Royal Army Service Corps. All machinery was sold to the Sopwith Aviation Company.Inter war yearsAfter the war, the company was refounded in Abingdon Road, Kensington and a new car built to carry the Aston-Martin identify. Bamford left in 1920 along with the company was revitalised with funding from Count Louis Zborowski. In 1922, Bamford & Martin developed cars to compete within the French Grand Prix, which went on to create world speed and stamina records at Brooklands. Three works Team Cars and trucks with 16-valve twin camera engines were built with regard to racing and record bursting: chassis number 1914, later developed as the actual Green Pea; chassis number 1915, the Razor Blade history car; and chassis number 1916, later developed as the actual Halford Special.
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About 55 cars were built for sale in two configurations, long chassis and small chassis. The company went bankrupt in 1924 and was bought by Lady Charnwood, who put her son John Benson within the board. The company failed again in 1925 and the factory closed in 1926, with Lionel Martin making.Later that year, Bill Renwick, Augustus (Bert) Bertelli and investors including Lady Charnwood took control on the company. They renamed it Aston Martin Power generators and moved it towards former Whitehead Aircraft Confined works in Feltham. Renwick and Bertelli had been in partnership some decades and had developed a great overhead-cam four-cylinder engine employing Renwick's patented combustion step design, which they had tested in the Enfield-Allday chassis. The only "Renwick as well as Bertelli" motor car made, it was known as "Buzzbox" nonetheless survives.The pair had planned to sell their engine to powerplant manufacturers, but having heard that the Aston Martin was no longer in production realised they might capitalise on its standing to jump start the production of a completely new car.Between 1926 and 1937 Bertelli seemed to be both technical director and designer of most new Aston Martins, since known as "Bertelli cars". They included the 1½-litre "T-type", "International", "Le Mans", "MKII" and its racing derivative, the "Ulster", and the 2-litre 15/98 and its particular racing derivative, the "Speed Model". Most were open two-seater activities cars bodied by Bert Bertelli's pal Enrico (Harry), with a small amount of long-chassis four-seater tourers, dropheads and saloons additionally produced.Bertelli was a qualified driver keen to competition his cars, one of few owner/manufacturer/drivers. The "LM" team cars and trucks were very successful within national and international engine racing including at Le Mans plus the Mille Miglia.
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Fiscal problems reappeared in 1932. The company was rescued for just a year by L. Prideaux Brune before passing it through to Sir Arthur Sutherland. In 1936, Aston Martin decided to pay attention to road cars, producing just 700 right up until World War II halted work. Production shifted to aircraft components in the war.David Brown era1958 Aston Martin DB Draw IIIIn 1947, tractor manufacturer David Brown Limited bought this company under the leadership regarding managing director Sir David Brown-its "post-war saviour". The company also received Lagonda that year because of its 2. 6-litre W. O. Bentley-designed engine. Both companies shared resources and workshops, leading to the classic "DB" compilation of cars. In 1950, the company announced this DB2, followed by the DB2/4 throughout 1953, the DB2/4 MkII inside 1955, the DB Mark III in 1957 as well as the Italian-styled 3. 7 L DB4 inside 1958.While these models helped Aston Martin begin a good racing pedigree, the DB4 stood out and yielded the well-known DB5 in 1963. The company stayed accurate to its emerging "grand touring" style with the DB6 (1965-70), and DBS (1967-1972).The six-cylinder engines of such cars from 1954 up to 1965 were designed through Tadek Marek.
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Bentley Magnetic motors Limited (/ˈbɛntli/) is a British company that types, develops, and manufactures luxury motorcars which are largely hand-built. It is a subsidiary of Volkswagen AG. Now based in Crewe, England, Bentley Motors Limited ended up being founded by W. O. Bentley on 18 Present cards 1919 in Cricklewood, North London.Bentley cars are marketed via franchised dealers around the world, and as of December 2012, China was the major market.Most Bentley cars are assembled at the Crewe factory, but a small amount of Continental Flying Spurs are assembled for the factory in Dresden, Germany. Bodies for the Continental are manufactured in Zwickau, Germany.Bentley won the twenty four hours of Le Mans with 1924, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, and 2003.
2013 Bentley Continental Gt Speed Front End Photo 3
Iconic Bentley models add the Bentley 4½ Litre, Bentley Speed Six, Bentley R Type Continental, Bentley Turbo R, and Bentley Arnage. As of 2015, Bentley produce the Continental Flying Spur, Continental GT, Bentley Bentayga and the actual Mulsanne.Rolls-Royce bought Bentley on the receivers in 1931 and subsequently sold it for you to Vickers plc in 1980 any time Rolls-Royce themselves went on the rocks. In 1998, Vickers sold it to be able to Volkswagen AG. The sale included the car designs, model nameplates, production and administrative features, the Spirit of Inspiration and Rolls-Royce grille design trademarks, but not the rights to the Rolls-Royce name or logo that happen to be owned by Rolls-Royce Holdings plc along with were licensed to BMW AG.Before World War We, Walter Owen Bentley, and his brother, Horace Millner Bentley, sold French DFP cars in Cricklewood, North London, but W. O, as Walter was known, always wanted to design and build his or her own cars. At the DFP manufacturing facility, in 1913, he noticed an aluminum paperweight and thought that aluminum might be a suitable replacement intended for cast iron to fabricate lighter in weight pistons. The first Bentley aluminum pistons were fitted to Sopwith Camel aero search engines during World War We.In August 1919, W. O. registered Bentley Motors Ltd. and in October he exhibited a motor vehicle chassis, with dummy engine, at the London Motor Show. Ex-Royal Flying Corps police officer, Clive Gallop, designed an innovative four valves per cylinder engine to the chassis. By December the powerplant was built and managing. Delivery of the 1st cars was scheduled for June 1920, but development took longer than estimated and so the date was extended to be able to September 1921. The durability of the initial Bentley cars earned widespread acclaim and they competed in hill climbs and also raced at Brooklands.Bentley's first major occasion was the 1922 Indianapolis 500, a race, dominated by specialized vehicles with Duesenberg racing framework. They entered a revised road car driven by simply works driver, Douglas Hawkes, accompanied by riding mechanic, H. S. "Bertie" Browning. Hawkes completed the whole 500 miles and finished 13th by having an average speed of 74. 95 mph after starting off in 19th position. The team was then rushed time for England to compete inside the 1922 RAC Tourist Trophy.Chief Woolf BarnatoIn ironic reference in order to his heavyweight boxer's size, Captain Woolf Barnato was nicknamed "Babe". In 1925, he acquired his first Bentley, a 3-litre. With this car he won numerous Brooklands backrounds. Just a year in the future he acquired the Bentley small business itself.The Bentley enterprise seemed to be always underfunded, but inspired by the 1924 Le Mans win by John Duff as well as Frank Clement, Barnato agreed to fund Bentley's business. Barnato had incorporated Baromans Ltd throughout 1922, which existed as his / her finance and investment vehicle. Via Baromans, Barnato initially invested more than £100, 000, saving the business and workforce. A financial reorganisation in the original Bentley company was executed and all existing creditors paid back for £75, 000. Existing shares were devalued through £1 each to simply just 1 shilling, or 5% or the original value. Barnato held 149, 500 of the new shares giving him control of the company and he grew to be chairman. Barnato injected further cash into your business: £35, 000 secured by debenture throughout July 1927; £40, 000 in 1928; £25, 000 in 1929. With renewed financial insight, W. O. Bentley was able to development another generation of autos.
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This Bentley Boys were several grouped British motoring enthusiasts of which included Woolf Barnato, Sir Henry "Tim" Birkin, steeple chaser George Duller, aviator Glen Kidston, automotive journalist S. C. H. "Sammy" Davis, and Dr Dudley Benjafield. The Bentley Boys, favored Bentley cars. Many were independently wealthy and often had a military history. They kept the marque's reputation for good performance alive; Bentley was noted to its four consecutive victories on the 24 Hours of Le Mans from 1927 to be able to 1930.In 1929, Tim Birkin developed the 4½ litre, lightweight Blower Bentley in Welwyn Garden City and also produced five racing special offers, starting with Bentley Blowing apparatus No. 1 which was optimised for that Brooklands racing circuit. Birkin overruled W. O. and put the model available on the market before it was entirely developed. As a result, it was unreliable.
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With March 1930, during the Blue Train Races, Woolf Barnato raised this stakes on Rover as well as Rover Light Six, having raced and usual Le Train Bleu for the very first time, to better that record regarding his 6½-litre Bentley Speed Six with a bet of £100. He drove against the particular train from Cannes to be able to Calais, then by ferry to be able to Dover, and finally London, travelling on public freeways, and won.
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Barnato drove his H. J. Mulliner-bodied formal saloon inside race against the Orange Train. Two months later, on 21 May 1930, he took delivery of your Speed Six with efficient fastback "Sportsman Coupé" by means of Gurney Nutting. Both cars became referred to as the "Blue Train Bentleys"; the latter is routinely mistaken for, or erroneously referred to to be, the car that competed the Blue Train, while in fact Barnato branded it in memory involving his race. [19][20] A painting by Terence Cuneo depicts the actual Gurney Nutting coupé auto racing along a road parallel on the Blue Train, which scenario never occurred because the road and railway would not follow the same course.
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Benetton Method Ltd., commonly referred to simply as Benetton, was a Formula 1 constructor that participated through 1986 to 2001. The team was owned from the Benetton family who run an international chain of clothing stores in the same name. In 2000 the staff was purchased by Renault, but competed as Benetton to the 2000 and 2001 conditions. In 2002 the staff became Renault F1.The Benetton Group entered Formula One like a sponsor company for Tyrrell throughout 1983, then Alfa Romeo with 1984 and 1985 and then Toleman in 1985. Benetton Formula Ltd. was formed at the conclusion of 1985 when this Toleman team was sold towards the Benetton family. The team began with BMW engines and later switched to Ford then Renault and then Playlife.
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The particular team was managed by means of Flavio Briatore from 1990 right up until 1997. In about 1991, TWR acquired a one-third stake in the team, bringing in Tom Walkinshaw and Ross Brawn to run the engineering operations. Rocco Benetton, the youngest son regarding Luciano Benetton joined the team as Chief executive in 1998 and terminated Briatore. He replaced him along with Prodrive boss David Richards, who lasted only to get a year when he too was fired, due to a disagreement while using Benetton family about potential strategy. Following Richards' departure, Rocco Benetton managed the team for four years until its sale to Renault.The Benetton team 's best known for its accomplishment with Michael Schumacher, who accounts for 19 of the team's 27 career wins and their 2 drivers' competition. After switching to Renault machines, they also won the actual constructor's championship in 1995 with Schumacher and Johnny Herbert. After 1995, Schumacher moved to Ferrari along with Ross Brawn, Rory Byrne and 11 additional key figures from their two championship winning times with Benetton.
The Benetton’s electronics were a bone of contention in 1994. Source
About March 16, 2000, the team was distributed to Renault for $120 million US. As part of the restructuring, Renault brought back Flavio Briatore since team manager. The team still used the Playlife engines (despite the fact that descended from Renault motors) they been using during the last two years. The drivers were Giancarlo Fisichella in addition to Alexander Wurz. The team scored 20 details, as well as 3 podium finishes in 2000 at South america, Monaco and Canada.During their final season in 2001 the people, Jenson Button and Giancarlo Fisichella, were often on the back two rows of your grid. This was in part assigned to the new 111-degree large angle engine. But continued development helped Benetton to leave Solution 1 on something of any high, and the cars' effectiveness lifted. Button and Fisichella scored 10 points for your team, including a podium conclude for Fisichella in Belgium.
Throughout the 1994 season, some rival teams said Benetton had found ways to violate the FIA-imposed exclude on electronic aids, including traction control and also launch control. On investigation, the FIA discovered "start sequence" (kick off control) software inside Benetton B194 cars, and a variety connected with illegal software in rival teams' cars as well. FIA had no evidence the software was ever used, so teams found with all the software received little to no punishment. No traction control software was found to be in the Benetton cars, however. Flavio Briatore, Benetton's chief in 1994, said in 2001 which "Our only mistake was that right at that moment we were too young and individuals were suspicious".
Hakkinen would be punished for triggering mayhem at turn one. Source
Through the 1994 season Benetton eliminated a fuel filter on the refueling rig used throughout pit stops. This may have triggered a fire that occurred during Jos Verstappen's very first pitstop at Hockenheim. This resulted in further inquiries with the FIA, during which, the refuelling rig manufacturer made clear that in their opinion the modification might have resulted in 10% higher flow rates compared to rules allowed[citation needed]. Again the team went without substantial punishment.
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